植物近等基因系培育及在林木遗传改良上的应用探讨

近等基因系是分子遗传图谱构建、数量性状基因定位及分子标记辅助育种的重要基础。近等基因系选育主要有连续多次回交选育法、从突变体中分离获得、结合分子标记技术检测连续回交选育法、杂交高世代群体材料中分离选育等方法。本文介绍了主要农作物近等基因系构建及应用的研究进展,并结合林木植物的特点,提出了选择生长周期较短的木本植物柳树为材料,构建近等基因系,在此基础上形成林木遗传学研究模式树种的观点。     

我国南方食用菌原料林培育研究进展

香菇等食用菌在我国具有近千年的栽培历史，是山区经济发展的重要产业，食用菌原料林的培育对于以阔叶权赤原食用菌产业持续发展意义重大。本文重点对食用菌原料林树种的优选、人促更新定向培育、主要原料林树种的丰产栽培以及其采种基地建设等进行述评。根据食用菌原料林培育研究现状和存在问题，提出进一步发展的技术对策和今后的研究重点，包括主要原料树树的种的良种选育和扩繁技术、育苗技术、松杉林冠下造林技术和多种食用菌原料林树种混植技术、二代食用菌原料林的萌芽更新技术等。     

平欧杂交榛抗抽条能力及抽条临界含水量研究

以平欧杂交榛的18个优良品种(系)为试材,研究各品种(系)在北京地区的抗抽条能力以及抽条与枝条含水量的关系。对田间自然鉴定法所得结果进行聚类分析,将18个品种(系)分为4类:抗抽条能力最强的一类为84-254、B-3、B-21、83-33、84-72和81-9;抗抽条能力较强的一类为84-48、81-23、85-127、84-237和84-1;抗抽条能力较弱的一类为82-11、84-545和84-226;抗抽条能力最弱的为84-572、84-402、84-69和84-349。室内模拟枝条失水程度与萌芽率关系的试验表明:不同品种(系)的抽条临界含水量不同,但多数品种(系)抽条的临界含水量在35%~30%间。田间材料的调查测定表明:北京地区平欧杂交榛枝条的失水集中在2月上旬到下旬,枝条含水量在2月下旬降到最低。试验结果表明:抽条与枝条含水量紧密相关,但抗抽条能力的强弱不完全取决于临界含水量的高低。     

巴拉圭冬青引种栽培及其开发利用研究

巴拉圭冬青为原产于南美洲的一种常绿树种, 具有降低胆固醇、保护肝脏和心脑血管、刺激中枢神经系统等作用。由其叶子加工成的茶广泛受到当地居民的喜爱, 近年来在美国、欧洲国家的发展也很迅速。文中简要介绍了巴拉圭冬青的形态及生物学特性、分布与原产地概况、世界各地引种栽培及其在食品、饮料、医药方面的传统利用和产业化开发现状, 根据其生物气候参数分析了我国适宜引种区域并展望在我国引种与推广应用前景。     

Hydration behavior and compressive strength of cement mixed with exploded wood fiber strand obtained by the water-vapor explosion process

Poor compatibility was found between exploded wood fiber strand (WFS) and cement due to the excessive presence of water-soluble degraded polysaccharides in extractives of exploded WFS obtained from weathered wood waste treated by the water-vapor explosion process (WVEP). This study presents some comparative results from a continuing investigation on the compressive strengths of exploded WFS–cement mixtures. Based on results previously obtained with the hydration test, the relation between hydration behavior and compressive strength of the mixture was explored. In addition, the effect of the curing age on compressive strength development of the mixture with selected additive chemicals was examined. The results supported the results of early studies with hydration tests indicating that adding MgCl₂ to the mixtures of exploded WFS mixed with quick-curing cement or ordinary Portland cement and a composite of MgCl₂ + CaO added to the mixture of exploded WFS and furnace-slag cement effectively improved the hydration behaviors; it greatly enhanced the compressive strengths of mixtures as well. Compressive strengths were strongly correlated to maximum hydration temperatures (T_max) of wood–cement mixtures influenced by the cement type, wood wastes (treated or not with WVEP), additive chemicals, and their content levels. The results also indicated that adding selected chemicals had no significant effect on compressive strength among the mixtures of exploded WFS mixed, respectively, with three types of cement at a curing age of 180 days. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to identify the hydration products and to probe the element distribution of the mixture in the wood–cement interface zone from a fractured surface.Part of this report was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002     

Structural characteristics of cell walls of kenaf (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hibiscus cannabinus </Emphasis>L.) and fixation of carbon dioxide

 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) plants are widely known for their contribution to the global and regional environment because of their ability to fix CO₂. On the other hand, some scientists have doubts about CO₂ fixation by kenaf and have misgivings about the effect of kenaf on the ecosystem. We have characterized the structural characteristics of cell walls of bast fibers, cores, roots, and leaves of kenaf during the maturation of plants and investigated the rate of photosynthesis. During maturation of the kenaf plant the cellulose (bast fiber 52–59%, core 44–46%) and lignin (bast fiber 9.3–13.2%, core 18.3–23.2%) contents increased significantly. The aromatic composition of the lignin of bast fiber was significantly different from that of the core lignin and of other plants. The lignin of bast fiber appears similar to pure syringyl lignin. Fixation of CO₂ by kenaf plants and their contribution to the global environment are discussed. A significatly high rate of photosynthesis of kenaf plants was observed compared to that of woody plants in Japan, but the amount of CO₂ fixation depends on the characteristics of the plantation. If the kenaf was planted in high density, about twice as much CO₂ was fixed as was fixed by trees in a tropical rain forest. Received: April 22, 2002 / Accepted: July 24, 2002 Acknowledgments This project was supported by the Science and Technology Agency (STA) fellowship of the Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC), which has been successfully applied by Dr. Shuji Hosoya, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. We thank Dr. Toshio Sumizono and Mr. Masao Sakurai, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, for their kind help in determining the rate of photosynthesis and cultivating the kenaf plants, respectively. We also express our appreciation to Dr. Quang Hung Le, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam for offering information about the cultivation of kenaf at Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City.     

福建柏人工林养分积累与分配的研究

1997年对安溪半林国有林场福建柏人工林的养分积累进行了研究。在连续坡面上福建柏人工林叶的N、P、K含量随坡位升高而降低 ,Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn则相反 ;养分积累量随坡位升高而缓慢下降。在生长过程中叶的N、P含量随年龄增大而降低 ,Ca、Mg则相反 ,K含量相对稳定 ;10年生、2 0年生时林木叶的养分积累量占全树的比重最大 ,由大到小的顺序为叶、根、干、枝、皮 ,而 30年生时林木根的养分积累量占全树的比重最大 ,由大到小的顺序为根、干、叶、枝、皮 ;营养元素的积累总量随年龄的增大而增加。在不同生长阶段 ,养分的积累与分配有所不同     

林木施用稀土效果及技术

稀土在农业和林业应用研究中取得了显著成果.为在赤峰地区大面积推广应用并探讨稀土在林木上的具体施用技术及效果,深入地研究了稀土的作用机理.利用稀土浸泡林木种子、盆栽和田间试验(浸种、叶面喷施),初步得出稀土的施用效果和具体的施用技术.     

"三岩"造林困难地植被恢复技术研究与示范

湖南造林困难地类总面积达 10 0万hm2 。通过对 5个县 658hm2 试验示范林历时 9年的研究 ,解决了植被恢复技术问题。选出适宜的树、划种有马桑、芦竹、苦槠、牡荆和栓皮栎 5种 ,有发展前景的树种有柏木、铅笔柏和藏柏。选出了林分结构稳定 ,组成种长势好 ,可以肯定的有马桑十墨西哥柏浅层钙质幼年性岩性土等 6个配置模式。并提出和推广了撩壕整地和芦竹下挖上堆 ,施肥促长等造林技术。同时 ,定义了“三岩”造林困难地 ,提出了“三岩”造林困难地的生态环境特点。从土种的水平研究了树种与立地的适应性。     

发展木材工业,促进林业可持续发展

本文从发展木材工业的七个不同层面,论述了木材工业发展与生态建设和林业可持续发展的关系,指出发展木材工业与生态建设和林业可持续发展是相互依存、相互促进的,不仅可增加林产品供给,还可大量节约木材,保护森林资源,推动林木培育,增加森林资源,有力地支持生态建设,促进林业可持续发展.